Category Archives: A Review A Week

Review of then telling be the antidote by Xiao Yue Shan

Xiao Yue Shan. then telling be the antidote. Tupelo Press, 2023. 79 pgs. $21.95.

Xiao Yue Shan’s first full-length collection, then telling be the antidote, reveals the power of speech when speech and even to some extent thought are threatened. This doesn’t mean, however, that the poems are vociferous or strident, for they are not—they are meditative, soft-spoken, their tone often understated. Quiet as they are, they’re made of memorable language and imagery, sentences that are deceptively straightforward, their uncomplicated grammatical structures opening up multiple layers of meaning. Many of the poems are composed as one long stanza, often with long lines and left-justified margins, but several vary from this structure, exploring other options the page offers. They approach form, in other words, as thoughtfully as they consider word choice and metaphor. The collection is disciplined, filled with strong poems that each contribute to book’s effect.

“the coming of spring in the time of martial law” illustrates many of these characteristics. It begins:

I could tell you this: marigolds are a night flower.
in the hour of my birth there were men in the streets,
some with knives and some between skin and some
peeling open buds with swollen hands trying to find
a home to hide in. my mother fingered a ripened
bowl of hot water, carving out upon its surface the lines
by which our family would occur.

The opening statement is provocative; on the one hand, it’s puzzling—why such a set-up for an apparently insignificant fact? But then, readers might ask themselves, is it a fact? Are marigolds night flowers? Any gardener will tell you no. Marigolds thrive in sun. To say that the first line is wrong seems simplistic, though, so it might be more fruitful to ask how a marigold is a night flower. Already, the poem is flaunting mystery. The content of the second line seems entirely unrelated to the content of the first, as the tone becomes more ominous, with the first line’s adjective “night” contributing to this sense, through the next several lines that develop this sentence. Among all the things we don’t know by the end of the second sentence—why do the men have swollen hands? why would a home need to be a place to hide?—what we do know is that something here is not right. As Shan is developing the poem thematically in this opening section, she’s also developing a pattern of imagery she began with the marigolds. The men are “peeling open buds,” and her mother is fingering “a ripened / bowl.” Word by word, phrase by phrase, the writing is exceptionally careful.

Following the speaker’s birth, the poem continues with a litany of deaths: a teacher, a neighbor, someone whose offense was to complain about food, a mother and daughter. Here, everyone speaks in whispers, and readers mustn’t forget the title, “the coming of spring in the time of martial law,” its second half undercutting the symbolic resonance of its first half. Now, it’s night again, and “a song about marigolds prayed through the radio.” Now we get a sense of what the speaker meant by her opening line—marigolds are flowers that ease the dread of danger during anxious nights. The poem concludes with a description of the children’s attempts to reassure themselves: “stay still, / just like you’re dead. we whispered to hear ourselves speak.” The people are not silenced despite their government’s attempts to terrify. Their existence may in some ways be like death, but they remain alive, and the poem testifies to that life.

The poem immediately following the witness of “the coming of spring in the time of martial law” is “witness.” Although its language is more playful, the tone suggests that the poem is prompted by some unidentified sinister presence. Here it is in its entirety:

there is a long time and a time longed
for. a spectator and a combatant, the order
dreamless between them. river on pause, an especially dry
spring. departing day clearing the table of broken bread,
the light being something one turns off so as to finally sleep.
then there is someone to commit the act and someone who cries
enough. you will know once you have heard in the neverness
a promising silence. what does not happen here clasps
the entirety to its breast. what is everywhere cannot
happen here. anything short of forever is a long time,
there’s never any news coming from the other side,
save for some enormous music
we all cup our ears to hear.

This poem challenges readerly expectations several times. The pun on “long” in the first line could suggest that this will be a more light-hearted poem, or perhaps one marked by nostalgia. We could expect an additional pun in the following line, “spectator” and “spectacle” perhaps, and if not that, then the object a spectator would seek out. But what we get is “combatant.” Are the two companions, cooperating against some unnamed victim? Or is the combatant forced into this role for the pleasure of the spectator? By the poem’s mid-point, a victim emerges, “someone who cries / enough.” Time then seems to stretch toward eternity, not as reassurance but in hopelessness. Similar puzzling manipulations of language occur in the remaining lines, with “here” excluded from “everywhere” and “forever” apparently contrary to “a long time.” Time seems not to pass in this place, in the sense that nothing seems poised to change, aside from day turning to night, which is why the situation, whatever it is, seems so hopeless. However—human beings are creatures driven toward hope, and the poem offers subtle hints that all is not lost. There’s “a promising silence” and then music, “enormous music / we all cup our ears to hear.” This poem doesn’t offer readers a specific situation to analyze or categorize, instead implicitly suggesting that “here” could in fact be, if not “everywhere,” then anywhere, even in those places where we reassure ourselves that “it,” whatever it is, could never happen. Shan’s skill with the sonic effects of language and particularly with lineation is evident throughout the poem. Most telling is how the reader can ponder this poem without feeling confused, can sense its meaning without absolutely grasping it.

Some of the poems in then telling be the antidote are more concrete, offering the reader more stability, but they all leave us knowing that there’s much more to be understood from them, more certainly than a single reading, or three or four or five, can offer. The content of this book is often disturbing, but the poems’ meditative approach offers readers their own space of contemplation, apart from our frenetically anxious time. These are thoughtful poems capable of creating more thoughtful readers.

Review of Emily Dickinson’s Selfie by Jennifer Poteet

Jennifer Poteet. Emily Dickinson’s Selfie. Bottlecap Press, 2023. 23 pages. $10.00

I don’t think I’ve ever had so much fun reading a collection of poetry as I have with Jennifer Poteet’s chapbook, Emily Dickinson’s Selfie. I don’t mean that the poems are simply funny, although some of them are funny, but that what Poteet is able to do with voice and style is surprising, impressive, and delightful. In this collection, each poem adopts the style of another earlier poet, from Gertrude Stein to Walt Whitman, from Sappho to Robert Hayden, incorporating 21^st century icons—from the selfies of the title to Trader Joe’s and Botox and GPS and Uber—in order to re-imagine these other accomplished poets. These poems are not the parodies we see so often of Williams’ “This Is Just to Say” or the variations of Stevens’ “Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird.” They are each their own poems, adeptly incorporating the voice of the poet under consideration, so that, for example, the rhyme in “GPS on a Snowy Evening,” alluding to Frost’s “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening,” is entirely different from the rhyme in “Two Women in the Snow,” an homage to Plath. The fun for me in this collection occurs not only because Poteet is so skilled, and obviously well-read, but also because the content of each poem is just right, clearly but subtly enough incorporating details from the biographies or content of their own poems. We see Walt Whitman, therefore, at a Trader Joe’s rather than the supermarket of his own poem, and we read of Williams considering Covid.

Here is the opening poem, “Gertrude Stein Logs in to Yahoo! Mail”:

A password is a password
is a password. If I could only
remember mine, could I.
I tried Picasso; I tried Matisse.
After three times why
after three times why
does Yahoo! lock you out?
Maybe Alice remembers
what my password is.
She’s baking something in the kitchen
but yells out for me to try
Toklas this time.
Alice, without whom I cannot breathe.
Tender Alice B. Alice be Alice.
Toklas works.

On its surface, this poem conveys an experience we’ve all had, adapting to the inconvenience of modern convenience. The poem incorporates Stein’s stylistic gestures, the repetition, the incomplete sentences, the associative logic, so that even if the names were not present in the title and poem itself, we would recognize this language as a reference to Stein. Yet it is also more than that. There’s a turn near the end, as Alice becomes more than a background figure who keeps the household running, as Gertrude’s feelings for Alice are revealed as so much more profound than mere wordplay. In an extended analysis, I could say so much more about the thematic depth of this poem, its exploration of inclusion and exclusion and the nature of socially scorned relationships, but a short review is not the place for that type of reading. The potential fruitfulness of such a reading, however, supports my point that these poems are fun and also serious literature.

Here are a few lines from “Two Women in the Snow”:

We hum. We’re schoolgirl chums.
We’re two jolly gravediggers.
Sylvia says she wants to melt as snow does.
As for the piles we make,
I think they look like brides,
eager to shed their white satin dresses.

And here are a few lines from “On a Winter Sunday I See Robert Hayden in Shop n’ Save”:

I come up short and as I ask the cashier
if I can put some items back,
he slips me a fifty dollar bill
and disappears before I can thank him.

And from “Emily Dickinson’s Selfie”:

I take a secret picture
after pressing the last summer flowers.
In a long white dress and Birkenstocks
I dance, in grass, for several hours—

Each poem is uniquely executed, the craft choices smart and controlled. Most of us could probably write one or two poems in the voices of other poets whose work we know well. Very few of us, I suspect, could exhibit such a range—our own stylistic tics would eventually get in the way. Poteet’s range is what impresses me most. Emily Dickinson’s Selfie is her second chapbook. I hope we’ll be seeing many more collections from her.

Lisa Fay Coutley, ed. In the Tempered Dark: Contemporary Poets Transcending Elegy. Black Lawrence Press, 2023. 403 pgs. $29.95.

Lisa Fay Coutley has done a masterful job editing this new ambitious anthology of poems responding to grief. As every reader knows, grief is always complicated—because our feelings about the deceased are often complicated and because every death, as Hopkins so eloquently articulates, reminds us of our own mortality. The poems in In the Tempered Dark acknowledge the range of responses individuals experience, for let’s face it, not everyone who dies is a “loved one,” and even loved ones aren’t always loved absolutely or absolutely all the time.

And sometimes people or things are gone without being dead. Grief is accompanied by frustration, relief, guilt, despair, anger, bewilderment. So the poems here are more honest than many eulogies, but the anthology succeeds not only because of its variety of content. Stylistically, the poems are also diverse, which makes turning the page refreshing and often surprising. The range of voices confirms that this is an anthology, not simply a group of poems that could have been written by the same person. In addition, in a unique feature, each contributor has written a prose accompaniment to their poems, providing context for the content or thoughts on composition.

Contributors include poets who are far along in their careers and already well known—Diane Seuss, Janet Burroway, Ilya Kaminsky—younger poets who have published one or two or three collections—W. Todd Kaneko, Malachi Black, Meg Day—as well as poets who will be new to many readers. This makes it challenging to cite just a few, but it also means that readers of the book will be richly rewarded regardless of how many reviews they’ve read. Rather than focus on one or two representative poems to examine in detail, as I generally do with single-author collections, I’ll comment briefly on several.

Composed on couplets, Rebecca Aranson’s “Star Dust” initially looks spare, with its regularity and frequent space breaks between stanzas. It seems to begin in media res: “And then somehow a slipping away, as if wanting no one to linger with you / at the door making plans for next time. You had come without a coat…” Readers quickly understand the circumstances. The deceased was likely elderly, the speaker’s father, living in a nursing home where the speaker’s mother also resides. The death seems to have been one many of us hope for, “a slipping away” after a long life. This knowledge, however, does not mitigate the grief of the survivors, nor does it do much to soften our knowledge of our human condition. In its last section, the poem brings the reader into its circumstances by extending outward. Here are its final lines:

Grief is in you from the start and in you at the end
and though sometimes your days are flooded with it,

and sometimes your days are clear, we are made of it
as much as we are made of the ruins

of the first flaming star, whose far flung dust still spins
us into being.

Aronson here complicates that uplifting cliché, that we are made of stardust, revealing a deeper and more complete truth.

Victoria Chang’s prose poem “The Clock” also explores the speaker’s father’s situation. Though alive, he’s experiencing dementia, an inability to think abstractly that Chang initially explores through the symbolism of an analog clock face. Interpreting it is more complicated than we often realize, with the numbers each standing for more than one idea—seconds, minutes, hours. About two-thirds of the way through the poem, she introduces another metaphor, leading to her conclusion:

If you unfold an origami swan, and flatten the paper, is the paper sad because it has seen the shape of the swan or does it aspire towards flatness, a life without creases? My father is the paper. He remembers the swan but can’t name it. He no longer knows the paper swan represents an animal swan. His brain is the water the animal swan once swam in, holds everything, but when thawed, all the fish disappear. Most of the words we say have something to do with fish. And when they’re gone, they’re gone.

What does it mean to remember without access to words? Each of the metaphors in this poem reveals something about the nature of human thought, our ability to understand one thing as another, to see a piece of paper and recall an animal, even an animal we might never have seen, to see a numeral and know that it signifies both a word and a concept. For readers and writers, this knowledge that words disappear can be particularly disturbing, even as we savor the image of a folded piece of paper and its representation of an elegant creature.

Several poems in this anthology grieve the non-human, including Jenny Dasre-Orafai’s “We Lost Three Billion Birds in Forty-Nine Years.” The speaker attempts to visualize the three billion, a number that is, if not literally uncountable, nevertheless unimaginable. The poem explores some of the other absences that follow, as well as the possibilities the birds’ absence ironically provide. The concluding lines are particularly suggestive: “We’ve got so much food in the feeder and / the other animals can’t get their fill.” The other animals—perhaps squirrels or chipmunks or skunks, perhaps ourselves. These lines articulate a call to conscience for human beings whose insatiable appetites have created this crisis of climate change and extinction.

Lillian-Yvonne Bertram’s “They were armed with long guns” is one of the most stylistically unusual poems as well as one of the most overtly political in the anthology. It is arranged into ten sections, beginning with a single-line opening: “and that’s how everyone they shot, died.” We know immediately that this poem will address gun violence in America. Three of the sections are titled “I, Rearrangement Servant” and consist of words composed of letters contained in the title, for example “Where were you last night? / Sheltering // in the theater…” and “it is early to be dying.” Three of the sections begin with the line, “I fear for my life at the following places (circle all that apply)” and contain options like “Shopping Malls,” “Parties,” and “Landmarks.” The third of these sections, however, contains only one word repeated twelve times: “School.” Two of the sections are more conventionally poetic in their appearance. In one, the speaker is leading a class discussion on a poem describing murder. In the final section, the speaker describes a “dollbaby” belonging to a friend’s son, a doll named Pete that shoots bullets out of its hand and feet. This toy that should provide comfort instead introduces the child to that most American characteristic: a gun. “They were armed with long guns” is conceptually ambitious and memorable in its execution.

All of the poems in this book merit extended discussion. Lisa Fay Coutley has thoughtfully edited In the Tempered Dark, selecting poems that complement each other in form as well as content, and choosing poems that also succeed individually in terms of craft. The range of the poems taken as a whole and the accomplishment of each one create a gratifying reading experience.

Review of Divination with a Human Heart Attached by Emily Stoddard

Emily Stoddard. Divination with a Human Heart Attached. Game Over Books, 2023. 72 pgs. $18.00.

Emily Stoddard’s Divination with a Human Heart Attached is one of the most unusual collections I’ve read in some time. Most of the poems are written in free verse—though a few are organized into stanzas of regular length—but are otherwise stylistically varied. The language is controlled, even restrained, despite the sometimes stunning content, as well as concrete and precise. Although many of the poems suggest Christian reverence, they approach the Christian narrative obliquely, perhaps even craftily. Several of the poems rely on a first-person speaker, and much of the time this speaker seems close to the author herself, as is common in much contemporary American poetry, but in other poems, the speaker is clearly not Emily Stoddard. The most intriguing of these other characters is Petronilla, daughter of the apostle Peter according to some early noncanonical Christian writing.

Apparently Petronilla was quite attractive. Like many fathers, Peter worried over her chastity, expressing his anxiety in prayer. God saw to it that Petronilla became paralyzed throughout one side of her body, effectively rendering her not only unmarriageable but also undesirable. Problem solved, for Peter at least. The third poem in the collection, “Petronilla tries to imagine her father’s prayer (I),” links the power of Petronilla’s beauty to the power of Jesus when he called Peter away from his labor as a fisherman. Here is the poem in its entirety:

which part of my body most worried him, was it the eyes

my shoulders

the cap of my elbow

what is it like, to see my body

as he once saw it

beautiful and charged

able to swing the gaze of a man and make him forget the sea

make him forget his fishing nets

make him leave everything and follow

has there ever been a body

like that

that hasn’t been dangerous

The line breaks here replace most of the punctuation, and the two longest lines effectively separate the poem into two sections, the second creating a turn, though readers likely won’t realize that until they reach lines eight and nine, “making him forget his fishing nets / make him leave everything and follow.” Petronilla’s power is analogous to the power of Jesus, and a man who would follow her analogous to Peter following Jesus, or perhaps, implicitly, Peter himself, following not Jesus but his own daughter. On one level, the poem suggests a theological insight, that the physical body of Jesus, the fact of incarnation, is dangerous, though we might ask dangerous to whom? The ones who follow him? Peter? The ones who had him killed? Pontius Pilate? Empire itself? More overtly, however, the poem critiques the millennia-old habit of men blaming, fearing, and punishing women for their own desire.

A later poem, “Petronilla tries to imagine her father’s prayer (II),” also aligns Peter’s response to her with his response to Jesus. This second version pushes form in the opposite direction as the first had; rather than so minimizing punctuation and therefore so weighting the line with responsibility for sense, this version abandons the line entirely:

He could have asked for the men’s tongues to burn them off. He could have asked for the men’s eyes to fall out when they looked at me. Even Salome had the imagination to ask for John’s head on a platter. The prayer he chose for me was not cruel—it was just the most he could imagine. When they told me how he denied, I was not surprised. When they told me, I crowed and crowed and crowed.

The modest anaphora here (He could have…He could have…When they told me…When they told me) reveals that Stoddard has thought about structure for this poem, too, and has chosen the paragraph rather than the stanza intentionally. The meaning of this poem is less elliptical than in the previous one, so the directness of prose might be more appropriate. The language is concrete but does not seem figurative—until the final sentence. There, Petronilla becomes the rooster that crowed after Peter denied Jesus three times. Petronilla is the living sign of her father’s betrayal.

Another Petronilla poem, “Wait for It (Three for a Girl),” extends a Biblical story, one of the resurrection narratives that is often interpreted joyfully, though even in this story Peter fails to understand Jesus’s full meaning. At the end of John’s gospel, Peter and some other disciples are out fishing when the resurrected Christ appears to them, eventually warning Peter of the manner of his death—tradition says that Peter was crucified upside down. This poem mentions some of Peter’s character flaws—his impulsiveness in cutting off a servant’s ear, his inability to stay awake the night Jesus is arrested. The poem begins a bit tongue in cheek:

My father falls asleep in the garden. This is how I learn god
has a sense of humor. My father falls asleep in the garden, and he does
remember the buttercups, but he does not

remember the arrival of soldiers or the locusts taking leave
of their chafing just before. This is how I know god is waiting for us
to hear the punch line…

In this poem, Peter invites his daughter along on the boat the night he is fishing, when Jesus appears. So she becomes a witness, as she has observed throughout the poem much of the detail that Peter misses. The ability to hear (or not) emerges as a motif throughout the poem, until soldiers arrive to arrest Peter, too, as his wife “laughs. She kisses his ear. She says: don’t be afraid.”

Formally, this poem is the most conventional of the three I’ve discussed. It’s arranged into tercets with comparatively long lines. A majority of the lines are enjambed, like the ones I’ve quoted above, and they reveal Stoddard’s facility with the line. The break at line one is particularly telling, distinguishing between learning (of or about) god and learning that god has a sense of humor. The next line breaks employ interesting reversals, “he does” / “he does not” and “taking leave” / “waiting for us.” This poem is an adapted golden shovel, relying on Jane Kenyon’s “Let Evening Come,” so in a sense Stoddard has no choice but to end her lines with “God does not leave us comfortless…,” but like all successful poems, this one transcends its formal requirements. I say the form is adapted because Stoddard inserts additional material that subverts Kenyon’s theme and reveals that she, like god here, has a sense of humor.

There’s much more to say about each of these poems, and about the collection as a whole. Stoddard provides just enough context so that readers unfamiliar with the Bible or any of the apocryphal material will still be drawn into the characters’ intriguing perceptions. Although I’ve focused on one aspect of the collection, many of the poems in Divination with a Human Heart Attached explore other material, though themes of gender, family, and the body continually emerge. I find the content interesting, but more importantly, I find the craft impressive. Every time I read this book, I want to read it again.

Review of Territorial by Mira Rosenthal

Mira Rosenthal. Territorial. University of Pittsburgh Press, 2022. 93 pages. $18.00.

Mira Rosenthal’s poetry is both stark and lyrical—stark in its themes and often forms, for the poems often exploit the white space surrounding the lines, yet also very musical, the sounds of her words repeating and revising each other. The reader can’t help but pay attention. The poems in her second collection, Territorial, (Rosenthal is also a translator of contemporary Polish poetry and has published several collections of her translations) consider the land and geography, especially the violence committed against it and its creatures. They also consider the territory of the human body, particularly the violence and threats of violence against female bodies. Most importantly, they implicitly and explicitly link environmental violence with gendered violence.

“Squirrels of North America” initially seems simply to observe that most common of rodents:

From grab to flit, from clutch to twist, through leaf
twitch to the wind’s acoustic shifts, in parks, in yards,

one splayed in the shade below a picnic table, belly
down, arms out like a kite trying to fly from summer

heat & ash that blackened the nostrils of every breathing
thing in the vicinity of a swamp in flame…

In this opening, I first notice the repeated “i” sounds: “flit,” “twist,” “twitch, “wind’s,” “shifts.” Then I notice how many of the “i” sounds are followed with a “t.” Then I notice the repeated “l” sounds, in “flit” but then also in “clutch” (which also has the “tch” of some of the other words) and “leaf.” Then in the second couplet, Rosenthal emphasizes the “a” while maintaining the consonance of the “l.” Similar sounds occur in the third couplet. A high proportion of the words are also monosyllabic, permitting a correspondingly high proportion of stressed syllables. So many sonic elements are working together here—I’m caught up in the music and nearly forget that the lines are describing the action of squirrels. If all this poem did was continue this musically energetic description, it would be fun and memorable and almost certainly successful.

But it does so much more. Mid-way through the poem, the speaker introduces herself: “I disappeared / down one of those paths with a nice enough guy…” She’s a teenager, trusting nature, life, and the boy she’s with: “I trusted being this far in with no other // ear to hear me.” But then the boy says, “You know, you should be / more careful.” Suddenly, her experience becomes sinister. I wonder at the boy’s motive, which seems to be both to frighten her and to position himself as heroic because he doesn’t assault her, but he can only acquire this creepy virtue by frightening her, by suggesting what he could do if he wanted. For the speaker, everything changes:

…his words spread like a blanket over my young

face to shield the stunned animal & a knot of hard
acorn lodged in my throat & I swallowed & swallowed it

down. I was safe, but only for now. The boy took
my hand, later, by the fire & fastened his fingers to mine…

When we look back at the beginning of the poem, we notice that much of the vocabulary implies danger: “grab,” “clutch,” “twist.” The squirrels are acrobatic, but the language also unifies the poem well before the reader recognizes the true subject. In the two couplets that remain, Rosenthal returns to imagery evocative of squirrels, but the tone has irrevocably chilled:

…I kept silent, eyes fixed on the coals as tiny claws

gripped bark just beyond the frame of light, from grasp
to hide, from lash to flight, something wild gone dark.

Rosenthal maintains her attention to sound and rhythm, even relying again on “l” and “a,” but there’s nothing playful left. The speaker and the readers understand that she’ll never be safe again, that she, indeed, never was safe at all.

An equally haunting poem is “The Apron,” also composed in couplets. It begins with a description of an ordinary apron and a person searching through stacks of ordinary saved objects. Its obsessiveness soon emerges, and the poem becomes self-reflexive, the speaker calling our attention to her associative connections between objects and events with the phrase “Which reminds me.” In writing the poem, the speaker is longing to rewrite history. Early on, the apron string reminds the speaker of “the plank of an arm, fallen // from a body asleep in a chair…” Here, the image seems to be just a metaphor, the arm and the body serving the description of the apron. Later, this body becomes a “her” the speaker recalls and imagines, a woman who performs ordinary tasks, needlework, baking, protecting her dress with the apron. Then the speaker admits, “I reason I just might save her / this time, in the dank garage, saying please // don’t pull the trigger.” The line breaks here are masterful, the delay between “save her” and “this time” emphasizing how the speaker has likely tried again and again to change the course of events. Through an additional series of associative metaphors, the poem reaches its conclusion:

…she pressed the phone there, calling my father
& how he drove over & how he found her

slumped in the chair, her arm fallen open,
head bowed to her lap, as if reading.

The earlier “body asleep in a chair” suddenly isn’t just a body and isn’t merely asleep. This poem seems to follow a mind thinking, but Rosenthal’s selection and placement of detail reveals what a careful and thoughtful writer she is.

Several of the poems in this collection are more stylistically experimental—“The Invention of an Interstate System” and “In the Background of Silence” are two compelling examples that rely on long lines, with each line separated from the others into its own stanza. In the poems formatted this way, Rosenthal’s associative leaps are more extreme, requiring the reader to be even more attentive, but the poems invariably reward the reader’s effort.

Nothing in these poems is wasted, not a single word or syllable or sound. In poem after poem throughout Territorial, the writing is tight and musical and concrete, and the substance is profound.

Review of Coffin Honey by Todd Davis

Todd Davis. Coffin Honey. Michigan State University Press, 2022. 125 pgs. $19.95.

Coffin Honey, Todd Davis’ seventh collection, is one of the most carefully structured collections I’ve read in a long time. The individual poems address several primary topics—southernness, a boy’s sexual abuse by an uncle and the idea of the bear. These topics eventually coincide, but I won’t discuss the poems wherein this occurs because—and who would ever think this would be an issue in a collection of poetry?—I’d have to warn you of spoilers. The individual poems are memorable and attentively crafted; they not only withstand but nearly demand rereading.

Close to the beginning of the book, “Buck Day” describes a teen-age girl’s experience hunting with her father. Davis had made the risky choice (risky because the voice could so easily become condescending or didactic or simply unconvincing) to convey the events through the girl’s close 3^rd-person point of view. The poem is complex, addressing the girl’s history of cutting herself, her thoughts on Biblical stories, and the comfort she derives from sitting in the deer stand with her father. Most, but not all, of the stanzas are tercets, and most often, the final line of each stanza is significantly shorter than the others. Regardless of the line length, each stanza is end-stopped with a period. As a result, each stanza concludes definitively, permitting Davis to weave several moments from the girl’s memory into the present. Here are stanzas 3-5:

She looks forward to these gray days: to sitting quietly
and saying nothing, to absorbing the cold. In the stand,
her shoulder rests against her dad. She lays the rifle, precise
as a ruler, across her lap.

During sophomore year, when she cut herself,
she used a razor in the bathtub. The water blurred red
lines, like a story with no end.

The moon’s nearly faded. Her dad nudges her.
Forty yards away a doe and spike figure-eight the field.
He whispers, “Yearlings,” says they’ll be tender.

The introduction of the “spike,” here a somewhat technical term meaning a young buck whose antlers haven’t yet developed a wealth of points, will acquire greater significance later in the poem and assist Davis in consolidating the poem’s themes. Watching the deer, the girl feels ambivalent:

She likes the taste of meat but hopes they’ll keep running.
Her dad won’t let her shoot at a moving deer.

The doe doesn’t stop, but the spike falters, halts and bends,
mouth tugging at a fern.

She squeezes the trigger.

On the felt board outside Sunday school, Jesus waits
for Roman soldiers to nail him to the cross.

Her dad smiles as they walk to the animal, says
“Now the real work,” and hands her the knife.

The “spike” evokes a specific Biblical story, the center of the New Testament of course, the crucifixion. The girl’s body, the buck’s body, the body of Jesus—all of them are cut open, all of them are marked by their shed blood. Four stanzas later, the poem ends masterfully:

She cuts away the deer’s heart, gives it to her dad,
who slides the warm meat into a plastic bag
where blood, still pooled in one of the chambers,
begins to leak out.

This poem is successful in part because of its structure. In telling one story of the events of one morning, it tells several stories. Yet several other craft decisions also contribute to the poem’s effect. The lines and sentences are deceptively straightforward, most often beginning subject-verb and developed with a variety of phrases but seldom incorporating any subordinate clauses. The vocabulary is accessible; monosyllabic words dominate. The poem is, as a result, exceptionally easy to follow. In being straightforward, however, these lines are far from flat. In the stanzas quoted above, Davis includes internal rhyme (“the spike falters, halts and bends”), and he exploits his monosyllables such that some lines and passages become nearly iambic (“She likes the taste of meat but hopes they’ll keep running”). When Davis enjambs his lines, he’s obviously attentive to the distinction between the line and the sentence, to the potential enhanced meaning of the line (“Jesus waits / for the Roman soldiers to nail him to the cross”). So although this poem can seem straightforward, it is far from simple.

Many of the poems in Coffin Honey are organized around an implicit narrative. Some of the most significant, though, are more elliptical and sometimes printed on the page in staggered lines, each often containing only a word or two. The meanings of the lines emerge more haltingly, as the sense is interrupted and disrupted by the extended space between words. This style is most notable in the multi-sectioned title poem and in a series of four other poems that seem to mark section breaks within the collection and that are each titled “dream elevator.” It is in these poems that the speaker’s sexual abuse is revealed, so their structure reinforces the nature of traumatic memory, as does their placement at irregular yet frequent points within the collection.

The range of styles and forms in Coffin Honey testifies to Davis’ depth as a poet. Although each individual poem is accomplished, it is the collection as a whole that is most impressive and sophisticated. It is timely and timeless. It is thoughtful and thought-provoking. It encourages the reader, to paraphrase the girl in “Buck Day,” to sit quietly and say nothing.

Review of Call Me Exile by Aaron Brown

Aaron Brown. Call Me Exile. Stephen F. Austin University Press, 2022. 82 pgs. $19.95.

“Exile” is a complicated word weighted with history. When I hear it, I think about war and famine, about Israelites moving into and out of Egypt thousands of years ago and about 21^st century Ukrainians, Syrians, and Somalians. In Call Me Exile, his second collection of poetry, Aaron Brown writes of dire international circumstances, and he also writes of much more intimate forms of exile, from one’s self and from others. The book is multi-layered, and the individual poems are well-crafted and emotionally resonant.

“Via Negativa” is an impressively concrete consideration of that most abstract of ideas, a theological concept that suggests God can be understood or experienced only through what God is not. Any image of God is of course not God, yet contemporary American poetry often finds its strength in the concrete image. So the concept of the poem is paradoxical, exploring the abstract by engaging the concrete. The poem contains several examples of what “you are not,” before it turns toward what “you” might be:

You are not the wind scraping branch on pane
or the continental plate strike-slipping beneath
a valley of bones drought-brittled and baked.
You are not hurricane clouds circling around
an ever-turning eye, slow-moving and a mile
wide, surrounding surging sea, framing bound
the heaving-heavens looking down on swirling
earth—nor are you the grass-fire spread before
the rains come cooling brush, keeping
calm what you are not. But maybe you are
somewhere close, not the land but the dust,
not the sea but the wind making waves or
the deep-dark pull of lunar longing, wanting
the vastness between us shrunk to nothing.

As much as I appreciate all of the visual imagery here, I appreciate the sonic effects even more. The frequent alliteration and assonance toward the beginning of the poem are particularly insistent. Some of the language, “framing bound / the heaving-heavens,” for example, evokes Hopkins to my ear, and the rhythm of the poem relies on an abundance of stressed syllables, also akin to Hopkins. At fourteen lines but lacking a regular pattern of rhyme or much iambic pentameter, the poem is not strictly a sonnet, but it is sonnet-adjacent. Most crucially, it turns at line ten, from negativa to possibility. The imagery in these last few lines remains consistent with earlier references to meteorology, but the final couplet surprises with its acknowledgment of desire: “the deep-dark pull of lunar longing, wanting / the vastness between us shrunk to nothing.” The harsh sounds that were so common earlier have softened, which slows the rhythm down a bit, especially with the repeated “l” in “pull of lunar longing,” and following “longing” with “wanting” emphasizes that need. Concluding the poem with the word “nothing” returns us to its title, but here what we have is not negativa but connection. In a lesser poem, this choice would be simply clever, but here “nothing” provides a final click, locking its meaning into place. It’s strangely satisfying.

The title poem, “Call Me Exile,” is also addressed to a “you,” but in this poem the “you” seems to be a stand-in for the speaker, a disguised “I.” It is arranged into three sections, each comprised of multiple couplets. In each section, the “you” arrives in a strange place, challenged by physical discomfort and psychological confusion. In the first section, he’s dropped off from a taxi in freezing Amman, where inside feels as cold as outside. In the second section, the “you” travels from one desert to another, finding himself caught between combatants, where “what fell around you was not snow, but shells.” Finally, in the third section, the “you” seems to have arrived in a safer place, if any place can be confidently experienced as safe:

Where are you now? What sand-scraped street
winters in your mind? When you go out

during night’s deadest hours, sky so crisp
the constellations open up to you, do you

remember the way each winter was its own struggle
for breath to come warmly,

for breath to be stilled? Like waking, thinking
for a second you are back—

an uncanny second when you mistake
morning birds for bombs.

Here, the description of cold is much more attractive than it had been in the first section. The you, apparently out of danger, experiences the universe as seeking to connect: “sky so crisp / the constellations open up to you…” Yet the opening question reveals how chronically unsettled the “you” feels, and the final couplet exposes the long-term effects of trauma: “you mistake / morning birds for bombs.”

“Call Me Exile” depends less on concrete imagery and figurative language than “Via Negativa” does, demonstrating once again the symbiotic relationship between form and content. The content of “Call Me Exile” is so intense, so unbelievable to those of us who have led lives of relative safety, that metaphor could easily become a distraction. In “Call Me Exile,” Brown’s narration is direct. Although the reader doesn’t struggle to comprehend the language, many of us will struggle to comprehend the experience. Brown permits us to feel horror, and that horror arouses empathy. Brown’s skill with craft guarantees that readers will cycle through several emotions while reading this poem, and that particular experience of reading will make the poem memorable.

Other poems describe additional moments of grief and loss—there’s a lot of sorrow in this book. Most readers, I suspect, will read it slowly because so many of the poems demand significant emotional engagement. Yet as filled with sorrow as this book is, it is not filled with despair. I won’t go so far as to claim that it is filled with hope, but it does conclude with a recognition that trauma doesn’t always have the last word, for as the last poem asserts in its title, citing St. Benedict, “Always We Begin Again.”

Review of Casual Conversation by Renia White

Renia White. Casual Conversation. BOA Editions, 2022. 72 pgs. $17.00.

If one element most characterizes Renia White’s first collection, it is voice. The poems in Casual Conversation are, on the one hand, conversational, but they are not, on the other hand, plain spoken or by any means flat. The voice is musical and assertive, intelligent and individualized. The poems address events that sometimes occur so frequently that conversation about them can seem casual, ordinary, common—but ought not be. Conversation about a lynching for example. Or a poem that initially seems to be about hot sauce but shifts to an exploration of race. Why do so many conversations in America need to turn to race some people ask. Because everything in America—let’s admit it—everything in America is about race.

The first poem in the collection, “hearsay,” opens with that most casual of expressions, “OK.” The speaker is responding to a companion who has revealed a bit of information, so the reader enters in medias res. The speaker provides just enough context to situate the reader, but only just enough, for the reader remains just a little off-balance:

OK so you are telling me the girl dared say
“I can’t just let you have my life,
not like that, your honor”

Occurring as it does at the end of the line and stanza, “your honor” stuns the reader—we know now that the setting is likely a courtroom, and this conversation isn’t nearly as “casual” as we might have assumed. A girl is talking back to a judge. The stakes are high. The following stanza doesn’t reveal why exactly this girl has found herself before a judge; instead, it reminds us of a much longer history and much bigger context. She isn’t standing before a judge simply because of any crime she might or might not have committed. She’s standing before a judge because she lives in a particular place that has developed through its own peculiar history:

and he sentenced her to a bedazzled tightrope
and a room without a window, and a son
that doesn’t know her name? middle passage
for this? think the girl doesn’t know her own
shame? given that face she wears? think she doesn’t
know where she is ain’t where she was put down
to begin with? that her first season was
someone else’s harvest?

In this stanza, Renia White chooses to reveal information strategically, and she exploits diction and lineation to enhance these choices. The line break following “son” is particularly effective, delaying as it does the most important detail. Then we have “middle passage” seeming to hang out on its own, as if the event it signifies were some kind of isolated event. White readers can rely on their privilege to ignore racialized trauma whenever it gets too uncomfortable or too tiring. It was a long time ago, after all, wasn’t it? The speaker insists that the past isn’t past, for “middle passage” isn’t simply a phrase tacked on to a line otherwise concerned with a single individual. “middle passage / for this?” the speaker asks. Her ancestors survived that trauma, in other words, for this? As the stanza continues, it opens up in order to position this girl’s experience within a broader context: “her first season was / someone else’s harvest?”

In its final lines, the poem challenges assumptions about privilege. Those who have it continually fail to comprehend why others don’t. That failure, of course, is a component of privilege.

some people get to want and need
and be met in it. some just the mouth
just the teeth

some eat and they say
“why all the hunger?”

This poem succeeds because it reveals just enough, challenging readers to consider their own complicity in the type of events the poem describes.

Several of the poems in Casual Conversation force readers to confront their role within these conversations. Am I part of “us” or “them”? When we say “us,” what are we ignoring about others’ experiences? “un-“ addresses these questions most directly. The third stanza reveals how pronouns like “us” camouflage difference:

this is our undoing. woman beside me in the café
says this massacre is so like us. I think of the “us”
this takes then,
she might not mean “our” us, maybe their us.

Maybe the white woman means white people when she says “us,” implicitly acknowledging racial responsibility, rather than citing a more amorphous American us that suggests the speaker and the white woman beside her aren’t all that different. The stanzas that follow interrogate but do not resolve this confusion.

but maybe we got an us too: me, her,
everyone who decides to have it.

I think that’s what she’s hoping for—distance,
something to comb out of herself through.

you know how you can undo a whole home
with the unlatching of a window? howl from the pit
beneath it? say “we did this” and “we allowed this”

and the girl beside you will forget you are white, maybe
will not query your us-ing. will not ask which “us”

of this country

The metaphor of the opened-up home—open for what? escape, to release pressure from its own looming implosion, open for burglary or looting—will dominate the final section of the poem. Meanwhile, though, White has uniquely shifted perspective, entering the mind of the speaker’s white companion: “the girl beside you will forget you are white, maybe / will not query your us-ing.” The “you” here has become the white woman, hoping the speaker will forget that she, the white woman, is white, will accept the white woman’s “us” as including them both. Again, the line break at “maybe,” allowing that adverb to modify the clause that precedes it as well as the one that follows, is crucial. “Maybe” conveys some slight hope while simultaneously undercutting it. The white woman, perhaps, wants to climb out of the open window of her white house, but she can’t quite manage it. For the house isn’t just a building, and individuals are caught up in systems that individuals can’t dismantle. The poem concludes with another question:

…still the churches burn, the window’s open,
closing it will not save us, another window won’t save us.

who is us and what are we and what do you do
with an open thing

that can’t be fixed by closing?

On its own, the question is discouraging. But the fact that it can be asked, can even be thought, is perhaps a little less discouraging.

Casual Conversation is both important and good. These poems are successful because of White’s skill with craft and mastery of voice. They are important because of their themes, their refusal to look away from the horrors of the American past or its present. This book’s literary accomplishment and cultural significance make it a necessary collection for the 21^st century.

Review of A Cartography of Home by Hayden Saunier

Hayden Saunier. A Cartography of Home. Terrapin Books, 2021. 82 pgs. $16.00.

A Cartography of Home is the perfect title for Hayden Saunier’s most recent book. “Home” because the word evokes connotations of rest and comfort—connotations that are both confirmed and challenged in this collection—and because its definition is so expansive. “Home” can refer to the house you sleep in each night, but it can also refer to the place you’re from, where you belong, and to the earth itself, even the universe. And “cartography” which refers to maps, a way of seeing, but also to the entire scheme of mapmaking—what is emphasized, foregrounded, distorted in the reduction of a three-dimensional object to a two-dimensional rendition of it. A Cartography of Home reflects on all of these ideas and questions in poems that are both accessible and layered.

“Men Walking on the Moon,” for example, opens with the most mundane of scenes, people watching television, but then proceeds to a metaphor that questions whether any of us can ever, really, feel confident in our homes:

We were remembering the night in 1969
how young we were, how blue the TV screens,

when someone said it was the only time
she ever heard her father talk about the war.

The good war, ended years before a man
walked on the moon. We turned our faces,

candlelit, toward her. She said that when
he saw the first man’s footprint deep

in lunar dust, saw how the tread had stamped
its pattern clean and hard into the soft

white surface and nothing stirred,
he shook his head and said,

That’s what the ground was like at Nagasaki
when we were sent in afterward.

Our boot prints sank in ash.
And that was all he ever said of it.

The couplets here lend some control to the chaos of nuclear destruction, and they mirror the father’s restraint. The metaphor is effective because we are all so familiar with that lunar footprint, a symbol of some kind of human achievement that seems almost quaint fifty-some years later, an image that on its (literal and figurative) surface seems uncomplicated, “its pattern clean and hard into the soft / white surface…” We are also familiar with imagery associated with nuclear bombs, but that imagery consists of mushroom clouds or the imprinted shadows of evaporated human figures on rocks. Saunier links those two events here through an image we might not have associated with Nagasaki, “Our boot prints sank in ash.” Thematically, we could link war to space exploration through technology, which so often results in destruction, even if unintentionally. In this poem, though, the two are linked through their human consequences, a man who can’t forget even if he doesn’t speak of his memory, a man for whom the triumph of a moon landing evokes the horror of nuclear war. Nuclear destruction felt as otherworldly as lunar exploration. The image is accurate—we can see the boot print; we can feel our own foot sinking into ash—and it is startling. Now, as a reader, I will recall Nagasaki every time I, too, see a photograph of that lunar boot print.

Another poem, “Standard Conditions on Earth,” also relies on the ordinary to examine those facts we can’t understand, particularly mortality. The speaker explores the idea of standardization, beginning with standard units of measurement: “Here, one kilogram is equal to 9.8 Newtons” and “We calculate standard pressure at sea level; // standard temperature at zero Celsius. Neither / can be seen, just measured, just endured.” This last line here hints toward the poem’s conclusion, which will discuss more significant things that can’t be seen. Until then, the tone of the poem shifts from neutral to comic (“Cold-stunned iguanas drop from trees // when temperatures fall near freezing, / whatever scale one uses, and those poor lizards // never see it coming, which seems funny to us”) to mournful (“Massive ice sheets break away, locusts chew // through miles of millet fields in Kenya, cracks / splinter dams, rust eats through steel, // erasure, birth, mutation, death, tornados, / my neighbor’s memory gone overnight”). Although the idea of a standard is obviously constructed, the facts of decay and disappearance are not. As much as we might understand how decay leads to new growth, the possibility of our own unique disappearance remains incomprehensible. Despite all of the poem’s foreshadowing, its conclusion still comes as a surprise:

Standard to try to measure how much dust
what’s disappeared kicks up. Standard too, for us

to try to make a song of it, both lullaby and ballad,
a thing to sing and sing and sing until we drop.

We’ll each drop, just like those poor lizards who never saw it coming. Any comedy evoked by this second use of “drop” is decidedly darker, as readers are forced to consider just how different we might be from “Cold-stunned iguanas.” This poem relies on specificity, as so many good poems do, and also on slightly quirky bits of information—how many readers would have known that a Newton is a unit of measurement? I particularly appreciate the sonic devices in this poem, the alliteration, assonance, and consonance, along with the rhythmic variance. There’s the comparatively soothing repetition of m and l sounds in “miles of millet fields,” immediately followed by the harsher “cracks / splinter dams.” These lines rely almost exclusively on monosyllabic words, permitting an abundance of stressed syllables, followed by a line that speeds up by incorporating polysyllabic words: “erasure, birth, mutation, death, tornados.” This line, consisting entirely of nouns, suggests that these events occur without an actual actor, without the locusts or cracks or rust that chew and splinter and eat. We reach the final couplets, acknowledging our own inevitable disappearance, though still denying it, converting that knowledge to song, which is made of breath, which is what proves we’re still here. Although this poem is not written according to a strict metrical form, several of the lines take advantage of meter, moreso as the poem progresses. “Standard Conditions on Earth” is a good example of contemporary prosody; it echoes the tradition, neither shackled by it nor ignorant of it.

Both of the poems I’ve discussed are written in couplets, but throughout the collection, Saunier relies on many other forms. Some of the poems are organized into tercets, while others consist of a single longer stanza. Some of the lines are justified left, while others are indented. A few of the poems approach form more experimentally. So while Saunier seems to find couplets, for example, congenial, her choices are informed by all of the options available, and the poem’s form, every time, enriches its content.

A Cartography of Home is an attractive and thoughtful collection. Its poems challenge us to redefine what we might think of as mundane. They consider the present in light of both the past and future. As you go about your own days, thinking of so many of them as so common, these poems will rise to remind you how indistinct the boundary is between ordinary and extraordinary.

Review of The Honey of Earth by David Graham

David Graham. The Honey of Earth. Terrapin Books, 2019. 81 pgs. $16.00.

David Graham’s poems celebrate—or commemorate, really—the ordinary. Ordinary objects, people, places—though what, really is ordinary? Isn’t every memento, every person, every living creature somehow extraordinary, each in its own way? In The Honey of Earth, Graham’s third full-length collection, he answers that question with a decided yet unobtrusive yes.

“Vinegar and Fizz” consists of two parts, the first a page long and the second only 19 lines. Though both sections describe the speaker’s mother, their most significant difference is in tone, and it is that tonal difference that helps the poem achieve its greatest effect. Although the title comes from the second section, the speaker shows just how fully characterized by “vinegar and fizz” his mother is in the first section:

My mother could not be trusted
to tell it straight. She adored welshing
on a bet, spinning tales, splashing
in hyperbole’s lake.

The first line-break sets the tone for this entire section, as its misleading suggestion reproduces the mother’s own narrative habits. The language becomes increasingly playful and original—most readers, I imagine, will long to listen in while the mother is “splashing / in hyperbole’s lake.” Already by line four, we realize that it’s the story we can’t trust. The storyteller—well, we can certainly trust her to tell a good story. The speaker continues with his own mischievous language, until he recalls an astonishing moment:

….Did she
place a single peanut on my pudgy
palm for the elephant to lift with its
trunk? Of course. A touch still zapping
me sixty years later. My mother would
never turn away from any elephant,
juggler, parade, song, or barker
beating his drum of gorgeous lies.

At the beginning of the poem, I envied the speaker because his mother must have been so frequently entertaining. Here at the end of the first section, I envy him that experience feeding an elephant, that “touch still zapping” him. I think I’m engaged by the content alone, until I look more closely at Graham’s language.

The alliteration in the second and third lines above is especially effective: “place…peanut…pudgy / palm.” Interestingly, and probably coincidentally, the syllables beginning with “p” in the first quoted line are each separated by three syllables. The alliteration is pronounced, therefore, without becoming too insistent. “Pudgy,” itself an amusing word, becomes more amusing beside a description of an elephant. Here at the conclusion of this first section, we discover that the mother enjoys hearing a good story, the barker’s “gorgeous lies,” as much as she enjoys telling one.

Had it ended here, the poem would have been satisfying and memorable. In section two, however, the comedy becomes tinged with tragedy, or at least sadness, and the tone more poignant. Years have passed apparently, and the mother is being evaluated for dementia. A doctor asks her her name, which she can’t reveal, though she relies on her wit to deflect the question. Even as her future is becoming clear to her son, the doctor, and the reader, she refuses to surrender:

…then he inquires if she can say
what season. She looks around the ward
craftily: decorated tree, tinsel, cartoon snowflakes
stuck to the windows. “It’s almost Christmas.
What are you getting me?” Next he wonders
if she knows the year. She glares into his face,
allows a sullen pause….Then, “1937,” she says.

The line breaks in this stanza reinforce the content: “She looks around the ward / craftily” and “’It’s almost Christmas. / What are you getting me?’ Next he wonders / if she knows the year” all emphasize the meanings that are deferred through the break. Again, these choices don’t call attention to themselves, instead achieving their effects through subtlety.

The poem could end here also, but it continues for one more stanza, as the speaker imagines what life was like for his mother in 1937:

And so it is. She’s going on sixteen, a girl
ready to burn and roam, nobody’s fool,
a spitfire, all vinegar and fizz.

Her life with all of its dreams, expectations, hopes, and yes, sorrows, lies ahead of her, beckoning. She seems ready for anything, determined to take full advantage of this one life she has. And then the poem does end, enfolding the mother’s entire life with a statement that could refer to the girl’s attitude in 1937 and the woman’s so much later in the present:

The train is about to leave the station
for the one and only time. She’ll be damned
if she won’t be on it, and ride far from home.

I’ve read few poems that so genuinely appreciate a parent’s quirky personality and also retain such admirable warmth as that personality threatens to disappear.

The title poem, which references lines by Wallace Stevens and which is the final poem in the collection, also achieves much of its effect through Graham’s attention to sound. “We wake to winter blaze on our windows— / the world whitened while we slept,” the poem begins. The next several lines describe the landscape outside and a frosted window, one of winter’s features so familiar to those of us who live in cold climates. Midway through the poem, the speaker reveals the precise date: “If this isn’t our valentine, what is?” Creation has sent him and his audience a love note, and will continue sending it throughout the season. Then about two-thirds of the way through the poem, it turns, as so many good poems do:

Beneath the tumble and flutter of snow
lie bulbs stored in ice-lock, ready to burn
and shudder upward from their own decay,
the honey of earth immemorial.
So I send you this valentine, though it comes
and goes at once, though it kites
like a snowflake up and down, over and out.

The word “So” beginning the final sentence is particularly telling. It establishes a relationship of cause and effect between the existence of the frozen but not dead flower bulbs, whose future blossoms literally emerge from their past foliage, and the valentine the speaker offers to his listener. The “you” is both the individual listener, of course, and the book’s audience. We readers close the book, having received these last lovely words that are as much invitation as farewell.

Throughout The Honey of Earth, Graham has fun with language, but he utilizes this language to reveal some of life’s more significant meanings. He muses. He contemplates. He responds. Readers, too, can’t help but respond to these poems.